Methods and systems for treating cell proliferation disorders with psoralen derivatives

ABSTRACT

Psoralen compounds of Formula (I): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             wherein (N +  Aryl) is a member selected from the group consisting of nitrogen containing aromatic heterocycles of formulae (i)-(iii): 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             wherein Z is a group of formula: 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             wherein R is C 1 -C 30  hydrocarbyl, which may be linear, branched or cyclic and contains from 1 to 15 carbon-carbon double bonds, which may be conjugated or unconjugated with one another or may include an aryl ring, and may contain one or more substituents; R 1  is hydrogen, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkene-aryl, alkene-heteroaryl, alkene-heterocyclyl, alkene-cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkylaryl, fused cycloalkylheteroaryl, fused heterocyclylaryl, fused heterocyclyheteroaryl, alkylene-fused cycloalkylaryl, alkylene-fused cycloalkylheteroaryl, alkylene-fused heterocyclylaryl, alkylene-fused heterocyclyheteroaryl; n is an integer from 1 to 8 and X is a pharmaceutically acceptable counter ion; 
             and their use in methods for the treatment of a cell proliferation disorder in a subject, pharmaceutical compositions containing the psoralen derivatives, a kit for performing the method, and a method for causing an autovaccine effect in a subject using the method.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/763,404, filed Apr. 20, 2010, the entire contents of which is herebyincorporated by reference. This application is related to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/935,655, filed Nov. 6, 2007, U.S. Provisionalapplication Ser. Nos. 60/910,663, filed Apr. 8, 2007 and 61/030,437,filed Feb. 21, 2008, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/389,946,filed Feb. 20, 2009, the contents of each of which is herebyincorporated herein by reference. This application is also related toand claims priority to U.S. provisional application 61/171,158, filedApr. 21, 2009, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporatedherein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of Invention

The present invention relates to methods and systems for treating cellproliferation disorders using derivatives of psoralen, that providebetter distinction between normal, healthy cells and those cellssuffering a cell proliferation disorder (hereafter “target cells”) andpreferably that can be performed using non-invasive or minimallyinvasive techniques.

2. Discussion of the Background

Cell Proliferation Disorders

There are several types of cell proliferation disorders. Exemplary cellproliferation disorders may include, but are not limited to, cancer,bacterial infection, immune rejection response of organ transplant,solid tumors, viral infection, autoimmune disorders (such as arthritis,lupus, inflammatory bowel disease, Sjogrens syndrome, multiplesclerosis) or a combination thereof, as well as aplastic conditionswherein cell proliferation is low relative to healthy cells, such asaplastic anemia. Of these, cancer is perhaps the most well known. Theterm “cancer” generally refers to a diverse class of diseases that arecommonly characterized by an abnormal proliferation of the diseasedcells. A unifying thread in all known types of cancer is the acquisitionof abnormalities in the genetic material of the cancer cell and itsprogeny. Once a cell becomes cancerous, it will proliferate withoutrespect to normal limits, invading and destroying adjacent tissues, andmay even spread to distant anatomic sites through a process calledmetastasis. These life-threatening, malignant properties of cancersdifferentiate them from benign tumors, which are self-limited in theirgrowth and do not invade or metastasize.

The impact of cancer on society cannot be overstated. The disease mayaffect people at all ages, with a risk factor that significantlyincreases with a person's age. It has been one of the principal causesof death in developed countries and, as our population continues to age,it is expected to be an even greater threat to our society and economy.Therefore, finding cures and effective treatments for cancer has been,and remains, a priority within the biomedical research community.

Treatment Methods

Existing treatments for cell proliferation disorders such as cancerinclude surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy,monoclonal antibody therapy, and several other lesser known methods. Thechoice of therapy usually depends on the location and severity of thedisorder, the stage of the disease, as well as the patient's response tothe treatment.

While some treatments may only seek to manage and alleviate symptoms ofthe disorder, the ultimate goal of any effective therapy is the completeremoval or cure of all disordered cells without damage to the rest ofthe body. With cancer, although surgery may sometimes accomplish thisgoal, the propensity of cancer cells to invade adjacent tissue or tospread to distant sites by microscopic metastasis often limits theeffectiveness of this option. Similarly, the effectiveness of currentchemotherapy is often limited by toxicity to other tissues in the body.Radiation therapy suffers from similar shortcomings as otheraforementioned treatment methods. Most of these cancer treatmentmethods, including radiation therapy, are known to cause damage to DNA,which if not repaired during a critical stage in mitosis, the splittingof the cell during cell proliferation, leads to a programmed cell death,i.e. apoptosis. Further, radiation tends to damage healthy cells, aswell as malignant tumor cells.

A number of patents describe ex vivo treatment of bodily fluids, forexample blood. Blood is obtained from a patient, treated with aphotosensitive agent, exposed to UV radiation, and reinjected to thepatient (i.e. extracorporeal photopheresis). Alternatively, a patientcan be treated in vivo with a photosensitive agent followed by thewithdrawal of a sample from the patient, treatment with UV radiation invitro (ex vivo), and reinjecting the patient with the treated sample.This method is known for producing an autovaccine. A method of treatinga patient with a photosensitive agent, exposing the patient to an energysource and generating an autovaccine effect wherein all steps areconducted in vivo has not been described. See WO 03/049801, U.S. Pat.No. 6,569,467; U.S. Pat. No. 6,204,058; U.S. Pat. No. 5,980,954; U.S.Pat. No. 6,669,965; U.S. Pat. No. 4,838,852; U.S. Pat. No. 7,045,124,and U.S. Pat. No. 6,849,058. Moreover, the side effects ofextracorporeal photopheresis are well known and include nausea,vomiting, cutaneous erythema, hypersensitivity to sunlight, andsecondary hematologic malignancy. Researchers are attempting to usephotopheresis in experimental treatments for patients with cardiac,pulmonary and renal allograft rejection; autoimmune diseases, andulcerative colitis.

A survey of known treatment methods reveals that these methods tend toface a primary difficulty of differentiating between normal cells andtarget cells when delivering treatment, often due to the production ofsinglet oxygen which is known to be non-selective in its attack ofcells, as well as the need to perform the processes ex vivo, or throughhighly invasive procedures, such as surgical procedures in order toreach tissues more than a few centimeters deep within the subject.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,829,448 describes simultaneous two photon excitation ofphoto-agents using irradiation with low energy photons such as infraredor near infrared light (NRI). A single photon and simultaneous twophoton excitation is compared for psoralen derivatives, wherein cellsare treated with the photo agent and are irradiated with NRI or UVradiation. The patent suggests that treating with a low energyirradiation is advantageous because it is absorbed and scattered to alesser extent than UV radiation. However, the use of NRI or UV radiationis known to penetrate tissue to only a depth of a few centimeters. Thusany treatment deep within the subject would necessarily require the useof ex vivo methods or highly invasive techniques to allow theirradiation source to reach the tissue of interest.

Chen et al., J. Nanosci. and Nanotech., 6:1159-1166 (2006); Kim et al.,JACS, 129:2669-2675 (2007); U.S. 2002/0127224; and U.S. Pat. No.4,979,935 each describe methods for treatment using various types ofenergy activation of agents within a subject. However, each suffers fromthe drawback that the treatment is dependent on the production ofsinglet oxygen to produce the desired effect on the tissue beingtreated, and is thus largely indiscriminate in affecting both healthycells and the diseased tissue desired to be treated.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,908,591 discloses methods for sterilizing tissue withirradiation to reduce the level of one or more active biologicalcontaminants or pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, yeasts, molds,fungi, spores, prions or similar agents responsible, alone or incombination, for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and/or singleor multicellular parasites, such that the tissue may subsequently beused in transplantation to replace diseased and/or otherwise defectivetissue in an animal. The method may include the use of a sensitizer suchas psoralen, a psoralen-derivative or other photosensitizer in order toimprove the effectiveness of the irradiation or to reduce the exposurenecessary to sterilize the tissue. However, the method is not suitablefor treating a patient and does not teach any mechanisms for stimulatingthe photosensitizers, indirectly.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,508 discloses antiviral applications for psoralensand other photoactivatable molecules. It teaches a method forinactivating viral and bacterial contaminants from a biologicalsolution. The method includes mixing blood with a photosensitizer and ablocking agent and irradiating the mixture to stimulate thephotosensitizer, inactivating substantially all of the contaminants inthe blood, without destroying the red blood cells. The blocking agentprevents or reduces deleterious side reactions of the photosensitizer,which would occur if not in the presence of the blocking agent. The modeof action of the blocking agent is not predominantly in the quenching ofany reactive oxygen species, according to the reference.

Also, U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,508 suggests that halogenated photosensitizersand blocking agents might be suitable for replacing 8-methoxypsoralen(8-MOP) in photophoresis and in treatment of certain proliferativecancers, especially solid localized tumors accessible via a fiber opticlight device or superficial skin cancers. However, the reference failsto address any specific molecules for use in treating lymphomas or anyother cancer. Instead, the reference suggests a process of photophoresisfor antiviral treatments of raw blood and plasma.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,508 teaches away from 8-MOP and4′-aminomethyl-4,5′,8-trimethylpsoralen (AMT) and many otherphotoactivatable molecules, which are taught to have certaindisadvantages. Fluorescing photosensitizers are said to be preferred,but the reference does not teach how to select a system of fluorescentstimulation or photoactivation using fluorescent photosensitizers.Instead, the fluorescing photosensitizer is limited to the intercalatorthat is binding to the DNA. The reference suggests that fluorescenceindicates that such an intercalator is less likely to stimulate oxygenradicals. Thus, the reference fails to disclose any mechanism ofphotoactivation of an intercalator other than by direct photoactivationby UV light, although use of a UV light probe or X-rays is suggested forpenetrating deeper into tissues. No examples are provided for the use ofa UV light probe or for use of X-rays. No example of any stimulation byX-ray radiation is taught.

Psoralens and Related Compounds

U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,508 further teaches that psoralens are naturallyoccurring compounds which have been used therapeutically for millenniain Asia and Africa. The action of psoralens and light has been used totreat vitiligo and psoriasis (PUVA therapy; Psoralen Ultra Violet A).Psoralen is capable of binding to nucleic acid double helices byintercalation between base pairs; adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine(DNA) or uracil (RNA). Upon sequential absorption of two UV-A photons,psoralen in its excited state reacts with a thymine or uracil doublebond and covalently attaches to both strands of a nucleic acid helix.The crosslinking reaction appears to be specific for a thymine (DNA) ora uracil (RNA) base. Binding proceeds only if psoralen is intercalatedin a site containing thymine or uracil, but an initial photoadduct mustabsorb a second UVA photon to react with a second thymine or uracil onthe opposing strand of the double helix in order to crosslink each ofthe two strands of the double helix, as shown below. This is asequential absorption of two single photons as shown, as opposed tosimultaneous absorption of two or more photons.

In addition, the reference teaches that 8-MOP is unsuitable for use asan antiviral, because it damages both cells and viruses. Lethal damageto a cell or virus occurs when the psoralen is intercalated into anucleic acid duplex in sites containing two thymines (or uracils) onopposing strands but only when it sequentially absorbs 2 UVA photons andthymines (or uracils) are present. U.S. Pat. No. 4,748,120 of Wiesehanis an example of the use of certain substituted psoralens by aphotochemical decontamination process for the treatment of blood orblood products.

Additives, such as antioxidants are sometimes used with psoralens, suchas 8-MOP, AMT and I-IMT, to scavenge singlet oxygen and other highlyreactive oxygen species formed during photoactivation of the psoralens.It is well known that UV activation creates such reactive oxygenspecies, which are capable of seriously damaging otherwise healthycells. Much of the viral deactivation may be the result of thesereactive oxygen species rather than any effect of photoactivation ofpsoralens. Regardless, it is believed that no auto vaccine effect hasbeen observed.

The best known photoactivatable compounds are derivatives of psoralen orcoumarin, which are nucleic acid intercalators. The use of psoralen andcoumarin photosensitizers can give rise to alternative chemical pathwaysfor dissipation of the excited state that are either not beneficial tothe goal of viral inactivation, or that are actually detrimental to theprocess. For psoralens and coumarins, this chemical pathway is likely tolead to the formation of a variety of ring-opened species, such as shownbelow for coumarin:

Research in this field over-simplifies mechanisms involved in thephotoactivating mechanism and formation of highly reactive oxygenspecies, such as singlet oxygen. Both may lead to inactivating damage oftumor cells, viruses and healthy cells. However, neither, alone orcombined, lead to an auto vaccine effect. This requires an activation ofthe body's own immune system to identify a malignant cell or virus asthreat and to create an immune response capable of lasting cytotoxiceffects directed to that threat. It is believed, without being limitingin any way, that photoactivation and the resulting apoptosis ofmalignant cells that occurs in extracorporeal photophoresis causes theactivation of an immune response with cytotoxic effects on untreatedmalignant cells. While the complexity of the immune response andcytotoxid effects is fully appreciated by researchers, a therapy thatharnesses the system to successfully stimulate an auto vaccine effectagainst a targeted, malignant cell has been elusive, except forextracorporeal photophoresis for treating lymphoma.

Midden (W. R. Midden, Psoralen DNA photobiology, Vol II (ed. F. P.Gaspalloco) CRC press, pp. 1. (1988) has presented evidence thatpsoralens photoreact with unsaturated lipids and photoreact withmolecular oxygen to produce active oxygen species such as superoxide andsinglet oxygen that cause lethal damage to membranes. U.S. Pat. No.6,235,508 teaches that 8-MOP and AMT are unacceptable photosensitizers,because each indiscriminately damages both cells and viruses. Studies ofthe effects of cationic side chains on furocoumarins as photosensitizersare reviewed in Psoralen DNA Photobiology, Vol. I, ed. F. Gaspano, CRCPress, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla., Chapter 2. U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,508 gleansthe following from this review: most of the amino compounds had a muchlower ability to both bind and form crosslinks to DNA compared to 8-MOP,suggesting that the primary amino functionality is the preferred ionicspecies for both photobinding and crosslinking.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,216,176 of Heindel discloses a large number of psoralensand coumarins that have some effectiveness as photoactivated inhibitorsof epidermal growth factor. Halogens and amines are included among thevast functionalities that could be included in the psoralen/coumarinbackbone. This reference is incorporated herein by reference.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,984,887 discloses using extracorporeal photophoresiswith 8-MOP to treat blood infected with CMV. The treated cells as wellas killed and/or attenuated virus, peptides, native subunits of thevirus itself (which are released upon cell break-up and/or shed into theblood) and/or pathogenic noninfectious viruses are then used to generatean immune response against the virus, which was not present prior to thetreatment.

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality that uses aphotosensitizing agent and laser light to kill cells. PDT retainsseveral photosensitizers in tumors for a longer time than in normaltissues, thus offering potential improvement in treatment selectivity.See Corner C., “Determination of [3H]- and [14C]hematoporphyrinderivative distribution in malignant and normal tissue,” Cancer Res1979, 3 9: 146-15 1; Young S W, et al., “Lutetium texaphyrin (PCI-0123)a near-infrared, water-soluble photosensitizer,” Photochem Photobiol1996, 63:892-897; and Berenbaum M C, et al.,“Meso-Tetra(hydroxyphenyl)porphyrins, a new class of potent tumorphotosensitisers with favourable selectivity,” Br J Cancer 1986,54:717-725. Photodynamic therapy uses light of a specific wavelength toactivate the photosensitizing agent. Various light sources have beendeveloped for PDT that include dye lasers and diode lasers. Lightgenerated by lasers can be coupled to optical fibers that allow thelight to be transmitted to the desired site. See Pass 1-11,“Photodynamic therapy in oncology: mechanisms and clinical use,” J NatlCancer Inst 1993, 85:443-456. According to researchers, the cytotoxiceffect of PDT is the result of photooxidation reactions, as disclosed inFoote C S, “Mechanisms of photooxygenation,” Proa Clin Biol Res 1984,170:3-18. Light causes excitation of the photosensitizer, in thepresence of oxygen, to produce various toxic species, such as singletoxygen and hydroxyl radicals. It is not clear that direct damage to DNAis a major effect; therefore, this may indicate that photoactivation ofDNA crosslinking is not stimulated efficiently.

Furthermore, when laser light is administered via external illuminationof tissue surfaces, the treatment effect of PDT is confined to a fewmillimeters (i.e. superficial). The reason for this superficiallimitation is mainly the limited penetration of the visible light usedto activate the photosensitizer. Thus, PDT is used to treat the surfacesof critical organs, such as lungs or intra-abdominal organs, withoutdamage to the underlying structures. However, even these treatmentsrequire significantly invasive techniques to treat the surface of theaffected organs. Clinical situations use the procedure in conjunctionwith surgical debulking to destroy remnants of microscopic or minimalgross disease. It is possible that the laser light and small amount ofremaining microscopic and minimal gross disease results in too little orhighly damaged structures. Pre-clinical data show that some immuneresponse is generated, but clinical trials have reported no auto vaccineeffect similar to that produced by extracorporeal photophoresis inclinical conditions. Instead, immune response appears to be vigorousonly under limited conditions and only for a limited duration.

Psoralen has been shown to have some activity against wild-type cancerlines in extracorporeal treatments, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT).However, many cancer lines are p53 mutant strains, which are moreresistant to psoralen in treatments.

Problems

It is well recognized that a major problem associated with the existingmethods of diagnosis and treatment of cell proliferation disorders is indifferentiation of normal cells from target cells. Such targetspecificity is difficult to achieve by way of surgery since the strategythere is simply to cut out a large enough portion of the affected areato include all diseased cells and hope that no diseased cells havespread to other distant locations.

With chemotherapy, while some degree of differentiation can be achieved,healthy cells are generally adversely affected by chemo-agents. As insurgery, the treatment strategy in chemotherapy is also to kill off alarge population of cells, with the understanding that there are farmore normal cells than diseased cells so that the organism can recoverfrom the chemical assault.

Radiation therapy works by irradiating cells with high levels of highenergy radiation such as high energy photon, electron, or proton. Thesehigh energy beams ionize the atoms which make up a DNA chain, which inturn leads to cell death. Unlike surgery, radiation therapy does notrequire placing patients under anesthesia and has the ability to treattumors deep inside the body with minimal invasion of the body. However,the high doses of radiation needed for such therapies damages healthycells just as effectively as it does diseased cells. Thus, similar tosurgery, differentiation between healthy and diseased cells in radiationtherapy is only by way of location. There is no intrinsic means for aradiation beam to differentiate between a healthy cell from a diseasedcell either.

Other methods may be more refined. For example, one form of advancedtreatment for lymphoma known as extracorporeal photopheresis involvesdrawing the patient's blood from his body into an instrument where thewhite cells (buffy coat) are separated from the plasma and the red bloodcells. A small amount of the plasma separated in this process is thenisolated and mixed with a photosensitizer (PS), a drug that can beactivated by light. The buffy coat is then exposed to a light toactivate the drug. The treated blood is then returned to the patient. Inthis example, one may think of the target-specificity problem as beingsolved by separating the blood from the rest of the body where thetarget components are easily exposed.

However, this procedure has its drawbacks; it requires drawing bloodfrom the patient, thus requiring cumbersome machinery to perform and mayrequire blood transfusion in order to maintain the volume of blood flowin the machine. Further, this also limits the size of the patient thatcan be treated, since the extracorporeal volume is great and too muchwithdrawal of blood increases the risk of hypovolemic shock. The methodis also limited to treating blood-born cell proliferation relateddisorders such as lymphoma, and is not capable of treating solid tumorsor other types of non-blood related cell proliferation disorders.

A problem encountered in PDT therapy is the inability to treat targetareas that are more than a few centimeters beneath the surface of theskin without significant invasive techniques, and the fact that PDTtypically operates by generation of sufficient quantities of singletoxygen to cause cell lysis. However, singlet oxygen in sufficientconcentration will lyse not only target cells, but also healthy cellsrather indiscriminately.

Therefore, there still exists a need for better and more effectivetreatments that can more precisely target the diseased cells withoutcausing substantial side-effects or collateral damages to healthytissues, and which are capable of treating even solid tumors or othertypes of non-blood related cell proliferation disorders. Additionally,while psoralen has been shown to have some activity against wild-typecancer lines in certain treatments, such as extracorporeal photopheresisand photodynamic therapy (PDT), many cancer lines are p53 mutantstrains, which are more resistant to psoralen in treatments.

Accordingly, there is a need for derivatives of psoralen that can beused in such treatments for both wild-type and p53 mutant cancer cells.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, one object of the present invention is to provide aderivatives of psoralen that can be used in treatment of cellproliferation disorders, particularly in treatment of cancers that arep53 mutants.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a method for thetreatment of a cell proliferation disorder using the psoralenderivatives that permits treatment of a subject in any area of the bodywhile being non-invasive and having high selectivity for targeted cellsrelative to healthy cells.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a method fortreatment of a cell proliferation disorder using the psoralenderivatives which can use any suitable energy source as the initiationenergy source to activate the psoralen derivative and thereby cause apredetermined cellular change to treat cells suffering from a cellproliferation disorder.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a method fortreatment of a cell proliferation disorder using an energy cascade toactivate the psoralen derivative that then treats cells suffering from acell proliferation disorder.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a method forusing the psoralen derivative to generate an autovaccine effect in asubject, which can be in vivo thus avoiding the need for ex vivotreatment of subject tissues or cells, or can be ex vivo.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a computerimplemented system for performing the methods of the present invention.

A still further object of the present invention is to provide a kit anda pharmaceutical composition for use in the present invention methods.

These and other objects of the present invention, which will become moreapparent in conjunction with the following detailed description of thepreferred embodiments, either alone or in combinations thereof, havebeen satisfied by the discovery of A psoralen compound of Formula (I):

wherein (N⁺ Aryl) is a member selected from the group consisting ofnitrogen containing aromatic heterocycles of formulae (i)-(iii):

wherein Z is a group of formula:

wherein R is C₁-C₃₀ hydrocarbyl, which may be linear, branched or cyclicand contains from 1 to 15 carbon-carbon double bonds, which may beconjugated or unconjugated with one another or may include an aryl ring,and may contain one or more substituents; R₁ is hydrogen, aryl,heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,alkene-aryl, alkene-heteroaryl, alkene-heterocyclyl, alkene-cycloalkyl,fused cycloalkylaryl, fused cycloalkylheteroaryl, fusedheterocyclylaryl, fused heterocyclyheteroaryl, alkylene-fusedcycloalkylaryl, alkylene-fused cycloalkylheteroaryl, alkylene-fusedheterocyclylaryl, alkylene-fused heterocyclyheteroaryl; n is an integerfrom 1 to 8 and X is a pharmaceutically acceptable counter ion;

and their use in methods for the treatment of a cell proliferationdisorder in a subject, pharmaceutical compositions containing thepsoralen derivatives, a kit for performing the method, and a method forcausing an autovaccine effect in a subject using the method.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendantadvantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes betterunderstood by reference to the following detailed description whenconsidered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 provides an exemplary electromagnetic spectrum in meters (1 nmequals meters).

FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B are graphical representations of the depth ofpenetration of various wavelengths of energy into living tissue.

FIG. 3 illustrates a system according to one exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 4 provides an antenna plot of cell proliferation assay data usingvarious compounds of the present invention with Au565 cancer cells andUV irradiation.

FIG. 5 provides an antenna plot of cell proliferation assay data usingvarious compounds of the present invention with Au565 cancer cellswithout UV irradiation.

FIG. 6 provides an antenna plot of cell proliferation assay data usingvarious compounds of the present invention with BT474 cancer cells andUV irradiation.

FIG. 7 provides an antenna plot of cell proliferation assay data usingvarious compounds of the present invention with BT474 cancer cellswithout UV irradiation.

FIG. 8 provides an antenna plot of cell proliferation assay data usingvarious compounds of the present invention with SKBR3 cancer cells andUV irradiation.

FIG. 9 provides an antenna plot of cell proliferation assay data usingvarious compounds of the present invention with SKBR3 cancer cellswithout UV irradiation.

FIG. 10 provides an antenna plot of cell proliferation assay data usingcompounds 14 and 15 of the present invention with BT474 cancer cellswith UV radiation.

FIG. 11 provides an antenna plot of cell proliferation assay data usingcompounds 14 and 15 of the present invention with BT474 cancer cellswithout UV radiation.

FIG. 12 provides an antenna plot of cell proliferation assay data usingcompounds 14 and 15 of the present invention with SKBR3 cancer cellswith UV radiation.

FIG. 13 provides an antenna plot of cell proliferation assay data usingcompounds 14 and 15 of the present invention with SKBR3 cancer cellswithout UV radiation.

FIG. 14 provides an antenna plot of cell proliferation assay data usingcompound 16 of the present invention with BT474 cancer cells with UVradiation.

FIG. 15 provides an antenna plot of cell proliferation assay data usingcompound 16 of the present invention with BT474 cancer cells without UVradiation.

FIG. 16 provides an antenna plot of cell proliferation assay data usingcompound 16 of the present invention with SKBR3 cancer cells with UVradiation.

FIG. 17 provides an antenna plot of cell proliferation assay data usingcompound 16 of the present invention with SKBR3 cancer cells without UVradiation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention sets forth a novel method of treating cellproliferation disorders that is effective, specific, and has fewside-effects. Those cells suffering from a cell proliferation disorderare referred to herein as the target cells. A treatment for cellproliferation disorders, including solid tumors, is capable ofchemically binding cellular nucleic acids, including but not limited to,the DNA or mitochondrial DNA or RNA of the target cells. For example, inthe present invention a psoralen derivative is exposed in situ to anenergy source capable of activating the psoralen derivative.

The psoralen derivatives of the present invention have the followinggeneral Formula (I):

Wherein (N⁺ Aryl) is a member selected from the group consisting ofnitrogen containing aromatic heterocycles of formulae (i)-(iii):

Wherein Z is a group of formula:

wherein R is C₁-C₃₀ hydrocarbyl, which may be linear, branched or cyclicand contains from 1 to 15 carbon-carbon double bonds, which may beconjugated or unconjugated with one another or may include an aryl ring,and may contain one or more substituents; R₁ is hydrogen, aryl,heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,alkene-aryl, alkene-heteroaryl, alkene-heterocyclyl, alkene-cycloalkyl,fused cycloalkylaryl, fused cycloalkylheteroaryl, fusedheterocyclylaryl, fused heterocyclyheteroaryl, alkylene-fusedcycloalkylaryl, alkylene-fused cycloalkylheteroaryl, alkylene-fusedheterocyclylaryl, alkylene-fused heterocyclyheteroaryl; n is an integerfrom 1 to 8 and X is a pharmaceutically acceptable counter ion. Xpreferably includes, but is not limited to, halides, benzoate, citrate,fumarate, maleate, mesylate, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, or tartrate.

Most preferred psoralen derivatives in the present invention arecompounds (1)-(2) and (5)-(16) in the following table:

psoralen derivative 1

2

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

As noted above, an object of the present invention is to treat cellproliferation disorders. Exemplary cell proliferation disorders mayinclude, but are not limited to, cancer, as well as bacterial and viralinfections where the invading bacteria grows at a much more rapid ratethan cells of the infected host. In addition, treatment for certaindevelopmental stage diseases related to cell proliferation, such assyndactyl), are also contemplated.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the present invention provides methodsthat are capable of overcoming the shortcomings of the existing methods.In general, a method in accordance with the present invention utilizesthe principle of energy transfer to and among molecular agents tocontrol delivery and activation of pharmaceutically active agents suchthat delivery of the desired pharmacological effect is more focused,precise, and effective than the conventional techniques.

Generally, the present invention provides methods for the treatment ofcell proliferation disorders, in which an initiation energy sourceprovides an initiation energy that activates an activatablepharmaceutical agent to treat target cells within the subject. In onepreferred embodiment, the initiation energy source is applied indirectlyto the activatable pharmaceutical agent, preferably in proximity to thetarget cells. Within the context of the present invention, the phrase“applied indirectly” (or variants of this phrase, such as “applyingindirectly”, “indirectly applies”, “indirectly applied”, “indirectlyapplying”, etc.), when referring to the application of the initiationenergy, means the penetration by the initiation energy into the subjectbeneath the surface of the subject and to the activatable pharmaceuticalagent within a subject. In one embodiment, the initiation energyinteracts with a previously administered energy modulation agent whichthen activates the activatable pharmaceutical agent. In anotherembodiment, the initiation energy itself activates the activatablepharmaceutical agent. In either embodiment, the initiation energy sourcecannot be within line-of-sight of the activatable pharmaceutical agent.By “cannot be within line-of-sight” is meant that if a hypotheticalobserver were located at the location of the activatable pharmaceuticalagent, that observer would be unable to see the source of the initiationenergy.

Although not intending to be bound by any particular theory or beotherwise limited in any way, the following theoretical discussion ofscientific principles and definitions are provided to help the readergain an understanding and appreciation of the present invention.

As used herein, the term “subject” is not intended to be limited tohumans, but may also include animals, plants, or any suitable biologicalorganism.

As used herein, the phrase “cell proliferation disorder” refers to anycondition where the growth rate of a population of cells is less than orgreater than a desired rate under a given physiological state andconditions. Although, preferably, the proliferation rate that would beof interest for treatment purposes is faster than a desired rate, slowerthan desired rate conditions may also be treated by methods of thepresent invention. Exemplary cell proliferation disorders may include,but are not limited to, cancer, bacterial infection, immune rejectionresponse of organ transplant, solid tumors, viral infection, autoimmunedisorders (such as arthritis, lupus, inflammatory bowel disease,Sjogrens syndrome, multiple sclerosis) or a combination thereof, as wellas aplastic conditions wherein cell proliferation is low relative tohealthy cells, such as aplastic anemia. Particularly preferred cellproliferation disorders for treatment using the present methods arecancer, staphylococcus aureus (particularly antibiotic resistant strainssuch as methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus or MRSA), andautoimmune disorders.

FIG. 1 provides an exemplary electromagnetic spectrum in meters (1 nmequals meters).

The nature of the predetermined cellular change will depend on thedesired pharmaceutical outcome. Exemplary cellular changes may include,but are not limited to, apoptosis, necrosis, up-regulation of certaingenes, down-regulation of certain genes, secretion of cytokines,alteration of cytokine receptor responses, or a combination thereof.

As used herein, an “energy modulation agent” refers to an agent that iscapable of receiving an energy input from a source and then re-emittinga different energy to a receiving target. Energy transfer amongmolecules may occur in a number of ways. The form of energy may beelectronic, thermal, electromagnetic, kinetic, or chemical in nature.Energy may be transferred from one molecule to another (intermoleculartransfer) or from one part of a molecule to another part of the samemolecule (intramolecular transfer). For example, a modulation agent mayreceive electromagnetic energy and re-emit the energy in the form ofthermal energy. In preferred embodiments, the energy modulation agentreceives higher energy (e.g. x-ray) and re-emits in lower energy (e.g.UV-A). Some modulation agents may have a very short energy retentiontime (on the order of fs, e.g. fluorescent molecules) whereas others mayhave a very long half-life (on the order of minutes to hours, e.g.luminescent or phosphorescent molecules). Suitable energy modulationagents include, but are not limited to, a biocompatible fluorescingmetal nanoparticle, fluorescing dye molecule, gold nanoparticle, a watersoluble quantum dot encapsulated by polyamidoamine dendrimers, aluciferase, a biocompatible phosphorescent molecule, a combinedelectromagnetic energy harvester molecule, and a lanthanide chelatecapable of intense luminescence. Various exemplary uses of these aredescribed below in preferred embodiments.

The modulation agents may further be coupled to a carrier for cellulartargeting purposes. For example, a biocompatible molecule, such as afluorescing metal nanoparticle or fluorescing dye molecule that emits inthe UV-A band, may be selected as the energy modulation agent.

The energy modulation agent may be preferably directed to the desiredsite (e.g. a tumor) by systemic administration to a subject. Forexample, a UV-A emitting energy modulation agent may be concentrated inthe tumor site by physical insertion or by conjugating the UV-A emittingenergy modulation agent with a tumor specific carrier, such as a lipid,chitin or chitin-derivative, a chelate or other functionalized carrierthat is capable of concentrating the UV-A emitting source in a specifictarget tumor.

Additionally, the energy modulation agent can be used alone or as aseries of two or more energy modulation agents wherein the energymodulation agents provide an energy cascade. Thus, the first energymodulation agent in the cascade will absorb the activation energy,convert it to a different energy which is then absorbed by the secondenergy modulation in the cascade, and so forth until the end of thecascade is reached with the final energy modulation agent in the cascadeemitting the energy necessary to activate the activatable pharmaceuticalagent.

Although the psoralen derivative and the energy modulation agent can bedistinct and separate, it will be understood that the two need not beindependent and separate entities. In fact, the two may be associatedwith each other via a number of different configurations. Where thepsoralen derivative and energy modulation agent are independent andseparately movable from each other, they generally interact with eachother via diffusion and chance encounters within a common surroundingmedium. Where they are not separate, they may be combined into onesingle entity.

The initiation energy source can be any energy source capable ofproviding energy at a level sufficient to activate the activatable agentdirectly, or to provide the energy modulation agent with the inputneeded to emit the activation energy for the psoralen derivative(indirect activation). Preferable initiation energy sources include, butare not limited to, UV-A lamps or fiber optic lines, a light needle, anendoscope, and a linear accelerator that generates x-ray, gamma-ray, orelectron beams. In a preferred embodiment the initiation energy capableof penetrating completely through the subject. Within the context of thepresent invention, the phrase “capable of penetrating completely throughthe subject” is used to refer to energy that can penetrate to any depthwithin the subject to activate the psoralen derivative. It is notrequired that the any of the energy applied actually pass completelythrough the subject, merely that it be capable of doing so in order topermit penetration to any desired depth to activate the psoralenderivative. Exemplary initiation energy sources that are capable ofpenetrating completely through the subject include, but are not limitedto, x-rays, gamma rays, electron beams, microwaves and radio waves.

In one embodiment, the source of the initiation energy can be aradiowave emitting nanotube, such as those described by K. Jensen, J.Weldon, H. Garcia, and A. Zettl in the Department of Physics at theUniversity of California at Berkeley (seehttp://socrates.berkeley.edu/-argon/nanoradio/radio.html, the entirecontents of which are hereby incorporated by reference). These nanotubescan be administered to the subject, and preferably would be coupled tothe activatable pharmaceutical agent or the energy modulation agent, orboth, such that upon application of the initiation energy, the nanotubeswould accept the initiation energy (prefereably radiowaves), then emitradiowaves in close proximity to the activatable pharmaceutical agent,or in close proximity to the energy modulation agent, to then causeactivation of the activatable pharmaceutical agent. In such anembodiment, the nanotubes would act essentially as a radiowave focusingor amplification device in close proximity to the activatablepharmaceutical agent or energy modulation agent.

Alternatively, the energy emitting source may be an energy modulationagent that emits energy in a form suitable for absorption by thetransfer agent. For example, the initiation energy source may beacoustic energy and one energy modulation agent may be capable ofreceiving acoustic energy and emitting photonic energy (e.g.sonoluminescent molecules) to be received by another energy modulationagent that is capable of receiving photonic energy. Other examplesinclude transfer agents that receive energy at x-ray wavelength and emitenergy at UV wavelength, preferably at UV-A wavelength. As noted above,a plurality of such energy modulation agents may be used to form acascade to transfer energy from initiation energy source via a series ofenergy modulation agents to activate the activatable agent.

Signal transduction schemes as a drug delivery vehicle may beadvantageously developed by careful modeling of the cascade eventscoupled with metabolic pathway knowledge to sequentially orsimultaneously activate multiple activatable pharmaceutical agents toachieve multiple-point alterations in cellular function.

In a preferred embodiment, the psoralen derivative, upon activation,binds to DNA or RNA or other structures in a cell. The activated energystate of the psoralen derivative is capable of causing damage to cells,inducing apoptosis. The mechanism of apoptosis is associated with anenhanced immune response that reduces the growth rate of cellproliferation disorders and may shrink solid tumors, depending on thestate of the patient's immune system, concentration of the agent in thetumor, sensitivity of the agent to stimulation, and length ofstimulation.

A preferred method of treating a cell proliferation disorder of thepresent invention administers a psoralen derivative to a patient,stimulates the psoralen derivative to induce cell damage, and generatesan auto vaccine effect. In one further preferred embodiment, thepsoralen derivative is stimulated via a resonance energy transfer.

One advantage is that multiple wavelengths of emitted radiation may beused to selectively stimulate one or more psoralen derivatives or energymodulation agents capable of stimulating the one or more psoralenderivatives. The energy modulation agent is preferably stimulated at awavelength and energy that causes little or no damage to healthy cells,with the energy from one or more energy modulation agents beingtransferred, such as by Foerster Resonance Energy Transfer, to thepsoralen derivative that damages the cell and causes the onset of thedesired cellular change, such as apoptosis of the cells.

Another advantage is that side effects can be greatly reduced bylimiting the production of free radicals, singlet oxygen, hydroxides andother highly reactive groups that are known to damage healthy cells.Furthermore, additional additives, such as antioxidants, may be used tofurther reduce undesired effects of irradiation.

Resonance Energy Transfer (RET) is an energy transfer mechanism betweentwo molecules having overlapping emission and absorption bands.Electromagnetic emitters are capable of converting an arrivingwavelength to a longer wavelength. For example, UV-B energy absorbed bya first molecule may be transferred by a dipole-dipole interaction to aUV-A-emitting molecule in close proximity to the UV-B-absorbingmolecule. Alternatively, a material absorbing a shorter wavelength maybe chosen to provide RET to a non-emitting molecule that has anoverlapping absorption band with the transferring molecule's emissionband. Alternatively, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, orbioluminescence may be used to transfer energy to a photoactivatablemolecule.

Alternatively, one can administer the initiation energy source to thesubject. Within the context of the present invention, the administeringof the initiation energy source means the administration of an agent,that itself produces the initiation energy, in a manner that permits theagent to arrive at the target cell within the subject without beingsurgically inserted into the subject. The administration can take anyform, including, but not limited to, oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal,inhalation, etc. Further, the initiation energy source in thisembodiment can be in any form, including, but not limited to, tablet,powder, liquid solution, liquid suspension, liquid dispersion, gas orvapor, etc. In this embodiment, the initiation energy source includes,but is not limited to, chemical energy sources, nanoemitters, nanochips,and other nanomachines that produce and emit energy of a desiredfrequency. Recent advances in nanotechnology have provided examples ofvarious devices that are nanoscale and produce or emit energy, such asthe Molecular Switch (or Mol-Switch) work by Dr. Keith Firman of the ECResearch and Development Project, or the work of Cornell et al. (1997)who describe the construction of nanomachines based around ion-channelswitches only 1.5 nm in size, which use ion channels formed in anartificial membrane by two gramicidin molecules: one in the lower layerof the membrane attached to a gold electrode and one in the upper layertethered to biological receptors such as antibodies or nucleotides. Whenthe receptor captures a target molecule or cell, the ion channel isbroken, its conductivity drops, and the biochemical signal is convertedinto an electrical signal. These nanodevices could also be coupled withthe present invention to provide targeting of the target cell, todeliver the initiation energy source directly at the desired site. Inanother embodiment, the present invention includes the administration ofthe psoralen derivative, along with administration of a source ofchemical energy such as chemiluminescence, phosphorescence orbioluminescence. The source of chemical energy can be a chemicalreaction between two or more compounds, or can be induced by activatinga chemiluminescent, phosphorescent or bioluminescent compound with anappropriate activation energy, either outside the subject or inside thesubject, with the chemiluminescence, phosphorescence or bioluminescencebeing allowed to activate the psoralen derivative in vivo afteradministration. The administration of the psoralen derivative and thesource of chemical energy can be performed sequentially in any order orcan be performed simultaneously. In the case of certain sources of suchchemical energy, the administration of the chemical energy source can beperformed after activation outside the subject, with the lifetime of theemission of the energy being up to several hours for certain types ofphosphorescent materials for example. There are no known previousefforts to use resonance energy transfer of any kind to activate anintercalator to bind DNA.

Yet another example is that nanoparticles or nanoclusters of certainatoms may be introduced such that are capable of resonance energytransfer over comparatively large distances, such as greater than onenanometer, more preferably greater than five nanometers, even morepreferably at least 10 nanometers. Functionally, resonance energytransfer may have a large enough “Foerster” distance (R₀), such thatnanoparticles in one part of a cell are capable of stimulatingactivation of photoactivatable agents disposed in a distant portion ofthe cell, so long as the distance does not greatly exceed R₀. Asexamples of energy modulation agents, gold nanospheres having a size of5 atoms of gold have been shown to have an emission band in theultraviolet range, recently. Additionally, nanoparticles of compoundssuch as Y₂O₃ or CdS are known as X-ray scintillation materials,generating UV radiation upon exposure to X-rays. The emitted UVradiation can be used to activate the psoralen derivatives of thepresent invention.

The present invention treatment may also be used for inducing an autovaccine effect for malignant cells, including those in solid tumors. Tothe extent that any rapidly dividing cells or stem cells may be damagedby a systemic treatment, then it may be preferable to direct thestimulating energy directly toward the tumor, preventing damage to mostnormal, healthy cells or stem cells by avoiding photoactivation orresonant energy transfer of the psoralen derivative.

Alternatively, a treatment may be applied that slows or pauses mitosis.Such a treatment is capable of slowing the division of rapidly dividinghealthy cells or stem cells during the treatment, without pausingmitosis of cancerous cells. Alternatively, a blocking agent isadministered preferentially to malignant cells prior to administeringthe treatment that slows mitosis.

In one embodiment, an aggressive cell proliferation disorder has a muchhigher rate of mitosis, which leads to selective destruction of adisproportionate share of the malignant cells during even a systemicallyadministered treatment. Stem cells and healthy cells may be spared fromwholesale programmed cell death, even if exposed to activated psoralenderivatives, provided that such activated psoralens degenerate from theexcited state to a lower energy state prior to binding, mitosis or othermechanisms for creating damage to the cells of a substantial fraction ofthe healthy stem cells. Thus, an auto-immune response may not beinduced.

Alternatively, a blocking agent may be used that prevents or reducesdamage to stem cells or healthy cells, selectively, which wouldotherwise be impaired. The blocking agent is selected or is administeredsuch that the blocking agent does not impart a similar benefit tomalignant cells, for example.

In one embodiment, stem cells are targeted, specifically, fordestruction with the intention of replacing the stem cells with a donorcell line or previously stored, healthy cells of the patient. In thiscase, no blocking agent is used. Instead, a carrier or photosensitizeris used that specifically targets the stem cells.

Alternatively, the psoralen derivative may be exposed to an excitationenergy source implanted in a tumor. The psoralen derivative may bedirected to a receptor site by a carrier having a strong affinity forthe receptor site. Within the context of the present invention, a“strong affinity” is preferably an affinity having an equilibriumdissociation constant, K_(i), at least in the nanomolar, nM, range orhigher. Preferably, the carrier may be a polypeptide and may form acovalent bond with a photoactive agent, for example. The polypeptide maybe an insulin, interleukin, thymopoietin or transferrin, for example.Alternatively, a psoralen derivative may have a strong affinity for thetarget cell without binding to a carrier.

A receptor site may be any of the following: nucleic acids of nucleatedblood cells, molecule receptor sites of nucleated blood cells, theantigenic sites on nucleated blood cells, epitopes, or other sites wherepsoralen derivatives are capable of destroying a targeted cell.

In one embodiment, thin fiber optic lines are inserted in the tumor andlaser light is used to photoactivate the psoralen derivative. In anotherembodiment, a plurality of sources for supplying electromagneticradiation energy or energy transfer are provided by one or moremolecules administered to a patient. The molecules may emit stimulatingradiation in the correct band of wavelength to stimulate the psoralenderivative, or the molecules may transfer energy by a resonance energytransfer or other mechanism directly to the psoralen derivative orindirectly by a cascade effect via other molecular interactions.

In another embodiment, the patient's own cells are removed andgenetically modified to provide photonic emissions. For example, tumoror healthy cells may be removed, genetically modified to inducebioluminescence and may be reinserted at the site of the tumor to betreated. The modified, bioluminescent cells may be further modified toprevent further division of the cells or division of the cells only solong as a regulating agent is present. Administration of anintercalator, systemically or targeting tumor cells, that is capable ofphotoactivation by bioluminescent cells may produce conditions suitablefor creating an auto vaccine effect due to apoptosis of malignant cells.Preferably, apoptosis triggers and stimulates the body to develop animmune response targeting the malignant cells.

In an additional embodiment, the psoralen derivative of the presentinvention can be used in conventional PDT or extracorporealphotopheresis treatments to provide an ex vivo treatment of cancer,preferably treatment of a cancer that is a p53 mutant strain.

In a further embodiment, a biocompatible emitting source, such as afluorescing metal or metal oxide nanoparticle or fluorescing dyemolecule, is selected that emits in the UV-A band. The UV-A emittingsource is directed to the site of a tumor. The UV-A emitting source maybe directed to the site of the tumor by systemically administering theUV-A emitting source. Preferably, the UV-A emitting source isconcentrated in the tumor site, such as by physical insertion or byconjugating the UV-A emitting molecule with a tumor specific carrier,such as a lipid, chitin or chitin-derivative, a chelate or otherfunctionalized carrier that is capable of concentrating the UV-Aemitting source in a specific target tumor, as is known in the art.

In another embodiment, a Stokes shift of an emitting source or a seriesof emitting sources arranged in a cascade is selected to convert ashorter wavelength energy, such as X-rays, to a longer wavelengthfluorescence emission such a optical or UV-A, which is used to stimulatea psoralen derivative at the location of the tumor cells. Preferably,the psoralen derivative is selected to cause an apoptosis sequence intumor cells without causing substantial harm to normal, healthy cells.More preferably, the apoptosis sequence then leads to an auto vaccineeffect that targets the malignant tumor cells throughout the patient'sbody.

In a further embodiment, some of the tumor cells are treated in vitrousing a UV-A source to stimulate the psoralen derivative. Apoptosis ofthe tumor cells is monitored, and some or all of the fragments andremnants of the apoptosis process are reintroduced into the site of atumor. Preferably, the portion of fragments, cellular structures andremnants are selected such that an auto vaccine effect is generated thatleads to further apoptosis of tumor cells without substantially harminghealthy tissues, causing solid tumors to shrink.

The energy source can be any desired source capable of activating thepsoralen derivative, either directly or indirectly. Suitable energysources include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S.application Ser. No. 11/935,655, filed Nov. 6, 2007, incorporated hereinby reference. FIGS. 2A and 2B show the penetration depth of variouswavelengths of light in the UV to IR range (FIG. 2A) or from 400-2000 nm(FIG. 2B). Thus in order to penetrate to depths greater than thatindicated in these figures and activate the psoralen compound of thepresent invention, it would be necessary to use an invasive method ofapplying the energy (through an incision in the subject) or to use anon-invasive energy source capable of penetrating through the subject toa depth sufficient to reach the target area, which can then be convertedusing an energy modulation agent to the desired frequency to activatethe psoralen compound.

In another embodiment, one can use a plasmonics active agent to enhanceor modify the applied energy (or in cases where an energy modulationagent is present the energy emitted from the energy modulation agent)for activating the psoralen compounds. Suitable plasmonics active agentshave been described in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/417,779, filed Apr.3, 2009; U.S. application Ser. No. 12/389,946, filed Feb. 20, 2009; U.S.Provisional Application 61/030,437, filed Feb. 21, 2008; and U.S.Provisional Application 61/042,561, filed Apr. 4, 2008; the contents ofeach of which are hereby incorporated by reference. These plasmonicsactive agents can be used singly or in combinations of two or more, andcan be used with or without the presence of energy modulation agents.Further, the energy modulation agents can be used with or without thepresence of plasmonics active agents.

In general, the approach may be used with any source for the excitationof higher electronic energy states, such as electrical, chemical and/orradiation, individually or combined into a system for activating anactivatable molecule. The process may be a photopheresis process or maybe similar to photopheresis. While photopheresis is generally thought tobe limited to photonic excitation, such as by UV-light, other forms ofradiation may be used as a part of a system to activate an activatablemolecule. Radiation includes ionizing radiation which is high energyradiation, such as an X-ray or a gamma ray, which interacts to produceion pairs in matter. Radiation also includes high linear energy transferirradiation, low linear energy transfer irradiation, alpha rays, betarays, neutron beams, accelerated electron beams, and ultraviolet rays.Radiation also includes proton, photon and fission-spectrum neutrons.Higher energy ionizing radiation may be combined with chemical processesto produce energy states favorable for resonance energy transfer, forexample. Other combinations and variations of these sources ofexcitation energy may be combined as is known in the art, in order tostimulate the activation of the psoralen derivative. In one example,ionizing radiation is directed at a solid tumor and stimulates, directlyor indirectly, activation of the psoralen derivative, as well asdirectly damaging the DNA of malignant tumor cells. In this example,either the effect of ionizing radiation or the photophoresis-likeactivation of the psoralen derivative may be thought of as an adjuvanttherapy to the other.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treatinga cell proliferation disorder in a subject, comprising:

-   -   (1) administering to the subject a psoralen derivative of the        present invention that is capable of effecting a predetermined        cellular change when activated; and    -   (2) applying an initiation energy from an initiation energy        source to the subject, activating the psoralen derivative in        situ,        -   thus causing the predetermined cellular change to occur,            wherein occurrence of the predetermined cellular change            causes an increase in rate or decrease in rate of cell            proliferation to treat the cell proliferation disorder.

In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a method fortreating a cell proliferation disorder in a subject, comprising:

(1) administering to the subject one or more energy modulation agentsand a psoralen derivative of the present invention that is capable ofeffecting a predetermined cellular change when activated; and

(2) applying an initiation energy from an initiation energy source tothe subject,

wherein the one or more energy modulation agents convert the initiationenergy applied to UV-A or visible energy, which then activates thepsoralen derivative in situ,

-   -   thus causing the predetermined cellular change to occur, wherein        occurrence of the predetermined cellular change causes an        increase in rate or decrease in rate of cell proliferation to        treat the cell proliferation disorder.

Work in the area of photodynamic therapy has shown that the amount ofsinglet oxygen required to cause cell lysis, and thus cell death, is0.32×10⁻³ mol/liter or more, or 10⁹ singlet oxygen molecules/cell ormore. However, in the present invention, it is most preferable to avoidproduction of an amount of singlet oxygen that would cause cell lysis,due to its indiscriminate nature of attack, lysing both target cells andhealthy cells. Accordingly, it is most preferred in the presentinvention that the level of singlet oxygen production caused by theinitiation energy used or psoralen derivative upon activation be lessthan the level needed to cause cell lysis.

In yet another embodiment, the psoralen derivative, preferably aphotoactive agent, is directed to a receptor site by a carrier having astrong affinity for the receptor site. The carrier may be a polypeptideand may form a covalent bond with a photo active agent, for example. Thepolypeptide may be an insulin, interleukin, thymopoietin, albumin ortransferrin, for example. Alternatively, the psoralen derivative mayhave a strong affinity for the target cell without binding to a carrier.

For example, a treatment may be applied that acts to slow or pausemitosis. Such a treatment is capable of slowing the division of rapidlydividing healthy cells or stem cells without pausing mitosis ofcancerous cells. Thus, the difference in growth rate between thenon-target cells and target cells are further differentiated to enhancethe effectiveness of the methods of the present invention.

In another example, an aggressive cell proliferation disorder has a muchhigher rate of mitosis, which leads to selective destruction of adisproportionate share of the malignant cells during even a systemicallyadministered treatment. Stem cells and healthy cells may be spared fromwholesale programmed cell death even if exposed to photoactivated agentsthat cause apoptosis, provided that such photoactivated agentsdegenerate from the excited state to a lower energy state prior tobinding, mitosis or other mechanisms for creating damage to the cells ofa substantial fraction of the healthy stem cells. To further protecthealthy cells from the effect of photoactivatable agents, blockingagents that block uptake of the photoactivatable agents, prior to theiractivation, may be administered.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,508, discloses that a variety of blocking agentshave been found to be suitable for this purpose, some of which aretraditional antioxidants, and some of which are not. Suitable blockingagents include, but are not limited to, histidine, cysteine, tryrosine,tryptophan, ascorbate, N-acetyl cysteine, propyl gallate,mercaptopropionyl glycine, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA).

In a further embodiment, methods in accordance with the presentinvention may further include adding an additive to alleviate treatmentside-effects. Exemplary additives may include, but are not limited to,antioxidants, adjuvant, or combinations thereof. In one exemplaryembodiment, a psoralen derivative of the present invention is used asthe activatable pharmaceutical agent, UV-A is used as the activatingenergy, and antioxidants are added to reduce the unwanted side-effectsof irradiation.

The psoralen derivative as well as the energy modulation agent, can beincorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable foradministration. Such compositions typically comprise the psoralenderivative and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceuticalcomposition also comprises at least one additive having a complementarytherapeutic or diagnostic effect, wherein the additive is one selectedfrom an antioxidant, an adjuvant, or a combination thereof.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is intended toinclude any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterialand antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and thelike, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of suchmedia and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known inthe art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent isincompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositionsis contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporatedinto the compositions. Modifications can be made to the compound of thepresent invention to affect solubility or clearance of the compound.These molecules may also be synthesized with D-amino acids to increaseresistance to enzymatic degradation. If necessary, the activatablepharmaceutical agent can be co-administered with a solubilizing agent,such as cyclodextran.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to becompatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routesof administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal,subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical),transmucosal, rectal administration, and direct injection into theaffected area, such as direct injection into a tumor. Solutions orsuspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneousapplication can include the following components: a sterile diluent suchas water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethyleneglycols, glycerin, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents;antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens;antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agentssuch as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates,citrates or phosphates, and agents for the adjustment of tonicity suchas sodium chloride or dextrose. The pH can be adjusted with acids orbases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. The parenteralpreparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multipledose vials made of glass or plastic.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterileaqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterilepowders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectablesolutions or dispersion. For intravenous administration, suitablecarriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, orphosphate buffered saline (PBS). In all cases, the composition must besterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringabilityexists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture andstorage and must be preserved against the contaminating action ofmicroorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solventor dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol(for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethyleneglycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The properfluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such aslecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the caseof dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Prevention of the action ofmicroorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungalagents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid,thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable toinclude isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such asmanitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition. Prolongedabsorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about byincluding in the composition an agent which delays absorption, forexample, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the activecompound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or acombination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed byfiltered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared byincorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains abasic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from thoseenumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation ofsterile injectable solutions, methods of preparation are vacuum dryingand freeze-drying that yields a powder of the active ingredient plus anyadditional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filteredsolution thereof.

Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an ediblecarrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed intotablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the activecompound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form oftablets, troches, or capsules. Oral compositions can also be preparedusing a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound inthe fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated orswallowed. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvantmaterials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets,pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the followingingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such asmicrocrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient suchas starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid,Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate orSterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweeteningagent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such aspeppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.

For administration by inhalation, the compounds are delivered in theform of an aerosol spray from pressured container or dispenser whichcontains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or anebulizer.

Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermalmeans. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrantsappropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation.Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, forexample, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, andfusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can beaccomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. Fortransdermal administration, the active compounds are formulated intoointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.

The compounds can also be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g.,with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and otherglycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.

In one embodiment, the psoralen derivative is prepared with a carrierthat will protect the psoralen derivative against rapid elimination fromthe body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implantsand microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatiblepolymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides,polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid.Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially.Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cellswith monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used aspharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according tomethods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described inU.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811.

It is especially advantageous to formulate oral or parenteralcompositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration anduniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers tophysically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject tobe treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of activecompound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect inassociation with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specificationfor the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directlydependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and theparticular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitationsinherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for thetreatment of individuals.

The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, ordispenser together with instructions for administration.

Methods of administering agents according to the present invention arenot limited to the conventional means such as injection or oralinfusion, but include more advanced and complex forms of energytransfer. For example, genetically engineered cells that carry andexpress energy modulation agents may be used. Cells from the host may betransfected with genetically engineered vectors that expressbioluminescent agents. Transfection may be accomplished via in situ genetherapy techniques such as injection of viral vectors or gene guns, ormay be performed ex vivo by removing a sample of the host's cells andthen returning to the host upon successful transfection.

Such transfected cells may be inserted or otherwise targeted at the sitewhere diseased cells are located. In this embodiment, the initiationenergy source may be a biochemical source as such ATP, in which case theinitiation energy source is considered to be directly implanted in thetransfected cell. Alternatively, a conventional micro-emitter devicecapable of acting as an initiation energy source may be transplanted atthe site of the diseased cells.

It will also be understood that the order of administering the differentagents is not particularly limited. Thus in some embodiments theactivatable pharmaceutical agent may be administered before the energymodulation agent, while in other embodiments the energy modulation agentmay be administered prior to the psoralen derivative. It will beappreciated that different combinations of ordering may beadvantageously employed depending on factors such as the absorption rateof the agents, the localization and molecular trafficking properties ofthe agents, and other pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamicsconsiderations.

An advantage of the methods of the present invention is that byspecifically targeting cells affected by a cell proliferation disorder,such as rapidly dividing cells, and triggering a cellular change, suchas apoptosis, in these cells in situ, the immune system of the host maybe stimulated to have an immune response against the diseased cells.Once the host's own immune system is stimulated to have such a response,other diseased cells that are not treated by the activatablepharmaceutical agent may be recognized and be destroyed by the host'sown immune system.

In another aspect, the present invention also provides methods forproducing an autovaccine, including: (1) providing a population oftargeted cells; (2) treating the cells ex vivo with a psoralenderivative of Formula (I); (3) activating the psoralen derivative with aUV-A source to induce apoptosis in the targeted cells; and (4) returningthe apoptic cells back to the host to induce an autovaccine effectagainst the targeted cell, wherein the apoptic cells cause anautovaccine effect.

A further embodiment is the use of the present invention for thetreatment of skin cancer. In this example, the psoralen derivative isgiven to the patient, and is delivered to the skin lesion via the bloodsupply. An activation source having limited penetration ability (such asUV or IR) is shined directly on the skin—in the case of the presentpsoralen derivatives, it would preferably be a UV light, or an IRsource. With the use of an IR source, the irradiation would penetratedeeper and generate UV via two single photon events with the psoralenderivative.

In a further embodiment, methods according to this aspect of the presentinvention further include a step of separating the components of apopticcells into fractions and testing each fraction for autovaccine effect ina host. The components thus isolated and identified may then serve as aneffective autovaccine to stimulate the host's immune system to suppressgrowth of the targeted cells.

The present invention methods can be used alone or in combination withother therapies for treatment of cell proliferation disorders.Additionally, the present invention methods can be used, if desired, inconjunction with recent advances in chronomedicine, such as thatdetailed in Giacchetti et al, Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol 24, No22 (August 1), 2006: pp. 3562-3569. In chronomedicine it has been foundthat cells suffering from certain types of disorders, such as cancer,respond better at certain times of the day than at others.

Thus, chronomedicine could be used in conjunction with the presentmethods in order to augment the effect of the treatments of the presentinvention.

In another aspect, the present invention further provides systems andkits for practicing the above described methods.

In one embodiment, a system in accordance with the present invention mayinclude: (1) an initiation energy source; (2) one or more energymodulation agents; and (3) one or more psoralen derivatives of Formula(I).

In another embodiment, a system in accordance with the present inventionmay include an initiation energy source and one or more psoralenderivatives, and optionally one or more energy modulation agents and/orone or more plasmonics active agents as disclosed in U.S. applicationSer. No. 12/389,946, filed Feb. 20, 2009, already incorporated byreference above.

FIG. 3 illustrates a system according to one exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention. Referring to FIG. 3, an exemplary system according toone embodiment of the present invention may have an initiation energysource 1 directed at the subject 4. An activatable pharmaceutical agent2 and an energy modulation agent 3 are administered to the subject 4.The initiation energy source may additionally be controlled by acomputer system 5 that is capable of directing the delivery of theinitiation energy.

In preferred embodiments, the initiation energy source may be a linearaccelerator equipped with image guided computer-control capability todeliver a precisely calibrated beam of radiation to a pre-selectedcoordinate. One example of such linear accelerators is the SmartBeam™IMRT (intensity modulated radiation therapy) system from Varian medicalsystems (Varian Medical Systems, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.).

In other embodiments, endoscopic or laproscopic devices equipped withappropriate initiation energy emitter may be used as the initiationenergy source. In such systems, the initiation energy may be navigatedand positioned at the pre-selected coordinate to deliver the desiredamount of initiation energy to the site.

In further embodiments, dose calculation and robotic manipulationdevices may also be included in the system.

The reagents and chemicals useful for methods and systems of the presentinvention may be packaged in kits to facilitate application of thepresent invention. In one exemplary embodiment, a kit including apsoralen derivative of Formula (I), and fractionating containers foreasy fractionation and isolation of autovaccines is contemplated. Afurther embodiment of kit would comprise at least one psoralenderivative of Formula (I), at least one energy modulation agent capableof activating the at least one psoralen derivative when energized, andcontainers suitable for storing the agents in stable form, andpreferably further comprising instructions for administering the atleast one psoralen derivative and at least one energy modulation agentto a subject, and for applying an initiation energy from an initiationenergy source to activate the psoralen derivative. The instructionscould be in any desired form, including but not limited to, printed on akit insert, printed on one or more containers, as well as electronicallystored instructions provided on an electronic storage medium, such as acomputer readable storage medium. Also optionally included is a softwarepackage on a computer readable storage medium that permits the user tointegrate the information and calculate a control dose, to calculate andcontrol intensity of the irradiation source.

Having generally described this invention, a further understanding canbe obtained by reference to certain specific examples which are providedherein for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to belimiting unless otherwise specified.

EXAMPLES

Compounds used in the present invention were synthesized in accordancewith the following examples:

8-Hydroxypsoralen

synthesized as previously described in Row, E. C.; Brown, S. A.;Stachulski, A. V.; Lennard, M. S. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2006, 14,3865-3871.

8-(3-Bromopropyloxy)-psoralen

synthesized as previously described in Lartillot, V.; Risler, A.;Andriamialisoa, Z.; Giraud, M.; Sa e Melo, T.; Michel, L.; Santus, R.Photochemistry and Photobiology 2003, 78, 623-632.

(2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-N-(pyridin-4-yl)-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenamide

synthesized as previously described in Lartillot et al (supra).

Preparation of Compound 1

Compound 1 was synthesized as previously described in Lartillot et al(supra).

Acetic anhydride (1.75 mL, 18.5 mmol) was added in one portion to4-aminopyridine (1.74 g, 18.5 mmol). The mixture was heated to 100° C.(bath temperature) for h, cooled to room temperature and concentrated todryness under reduced pressure. The resulting solid was suspended insaturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (40 mL). The mixture was stirred for 10 mintuesthen insolubles were removed by vacuum filtration. The filter cake waswashed with H₂O (20 mL) and dried in vacuo to yield the desired productas a white solid (2.33 g, 93%). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz): δ 8.32 (d, 2H,J=4.8 Hz), 7.58 (d, 2H, J=4.8 Hz), 2.12 (s, 3H). EIMS m/z: 137 ([M+H]⁺).

Preparation of Compound 2

Reaction of N-(pyridin-4-yl)acetamide (0.179 g, 1.31 mmol) with8-(3-bromopropyloxy)-psoralen (0.424 g, 1.31 mmol) in anhydrousacetonitrile (3 mL) was conducted as described for the preparation of 1to obtain compound 2 as a pale, yellow solid (0.300 g, 50%). EIMS m/z:379 ([M−Br]⁺).

4-aminocinnamic acid hydrochloride (2.0 g, 10 mmol) was hydrogenated atatmospheric pressure in methanol (100 mL) in the presence of 5% Pd—C(250 mg). After the completion of reaction, the reaction mixture wasfiltered through a Celite pad and washed with methanol. The filtrate wasconcentrated in vacuo to obtain 4-aminophenylpropionic acid ashydrochloride salt (2.1 g, 100%). EIMS m/z: 166 ([M+1]⁺).

The hydrochloride salt (1.2 g, 6 mmol), obtained as above, was suspendedin anhydrous THF (12 mL) and treated with DIEA (2.2 mL; 12 mmol). Theresulting mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 2 h andcooled to 0° C. (bath temperature). Solid lithium aluminum hydride (683mg, 18 mmol) was added in portions. After the addition was complete, thereaction mixture was allowed warm up to room temperature and heated toreflux for 2 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperatureand saturated aqueous Na₂SO₄ was added dropwise, with vigorous stirringuntil no more hydrogen gas was evolved. The precipitate formed wasfiltered off and the solid was washed with EtOAc. The filtrate was theconcentrated in vacuo to yield (4-amino)phenylpropanol as brown oil (455mg; 50%). EIMS m/z: 152 ([M+1]⁺).

Coupling of (4-amino)phenylpropanol (453 mg; 3 mmol) and retinoic acid(600 mg, 2 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (4 mL) using standard EDC/HOBtcoupling conditions yielded the desired amide as a pale, yellow solid(600 mg, 69%). EIMS m/z: 434 ([M+1]⁺).

The amide (510 mg, 1.2 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) and addedwith triethylamine (276 □L, 2 mmol) and DMAP (10 mg). The reactionmixture was then treated with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (324 mg, 1.7mmol) and stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixturewas then diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and washed with water (2×10 mL) andbrine (10 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent wasremoved in vacuo to afford tosylate which was used without furtherpurification.

Preparation of Compound 3 A Comparative Example

To a solution of the aforementioned tosylate (90 mg, 0.15 mmol) inanhydrous DMF (1 mL) 8-hydroxypsoralen (26 mg, 0.13 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (35mg, 0.25 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was heated at 120° C.for 4 h. Then volatiles were removed in vacuo and the residue obtainedwas partioned between EtOAc and water. The organic layer was washed withbrine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed in vacuo and theresidue obtained was purified on silica gel column chromatography toafford compound 3 as pale yellow solid (40 mg, 45%). EIMS m/z: 618([M+1]⁺).

(2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-Dimethyl-N-(prop-2-ynyl)-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-2,4-6,8-tetraenamide

A mixture of retinoic acid (0.60 g, 2.0 mmol), propargylamine (0.11 g,0.13 mL, 2.0 mmol), EDCI (0.38 g, 2.0 mmol), HOBt-H₂O (0.27 g, 2.0mmol), Et₃N (0.20 g, 0.28 mL, 2.0 mmol), in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) wasstirred at room temperature for 24 h. The reaction mixture was washedwith saturated aq. NaHCO₃ (50 mL) and water (50 mL). The organic extractwas dried, filtered, and concentrated to give a yellow solid (0.57 g,85%). EIMS m/z: 338 ([M+H]⁺).

Preparation of Compound 4 A Comparative Example

Copper (50 mg) and 1 M aq. CuSO₄ (0.20 mL) were added to a suspension ofalkyne (0.35 g, 1.1 mmol), 3-bromopropyloxypsoralen (0.32 g, 1.0 mmol),NaN₃ (68 mg, 1.1 mmol), water (1.5 mL), and tert-BuOH (1.5 mL) in a 10mL microwave reaction vessel. The mixture was irradiated for minutes at125° C. (100 W) and cooled. The resulting suspension was diluted withwater (20 mL) and the precipitate was collected by filtration. Theprecipitate was washed with water, 0.25 M aq. HCl (20 mL), and petroleumether (50 mL). The precipitate was then dissolved in chloroform,filtered, concentrated, and purified by silica gel flash columnchromatography. EIMS m/z: 645 ([M+Na]⁺).

General Amide Coupling Procedure Using DCC(2Z,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-Dimethyl-N-(pyridin-4-yl)-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenamide

A suspension of 13-cis-retinoic acid (0.10 g, 0.33 mmol), CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL),4-aminopyridine (0.03 g, 0.33 mmol), and DCC (0.07 g, 0.33 mmol) wasstirred at room temperature for 24 h. The mixture was filtered,concentrated, and purified by silica gel flash column chromatography togive the product as a yellow solid (0.07 g, 57%). EIMS m/z: 377 ([M]⁺),375 ([M]⁻).

Preparation of Compound 5

Reaction of(2Z,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-N-(pyridin-4-yl)-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenamide(0.07 g, 0.19 mmol) with 8-(3-bromopropyloxy)-psoralen (0.06 g, 0.19mmol) in anhydrous acetonitrile (1 mL) was conducted as described forthe preparation of 1 to obtain compound 5 as an orange solid (0.03 g,25%). EIMS m/z 619 ([M−Br]⁺).

A suspension of retinoic acid (0.81 g, 2.7 mmol), and 10% palladium oncarbon (120 mg) in anhydrous methanol (20 mL) was stirred under anatmosphere of H₂ (balloon, 1 atm) for 20 h. The reaction mixture wasfiltered through a pad of Celite. The filtrate was concentrated underreduced pressure to give the reduced retinoic acid as a translucent paleoil (0.83 g, 99%). EIMS m/z: 309 ([M−H]⁻).

Reaction of the reduced retinoic acid (0.83 g, 2.7 mmol) with4-aminopyridine (0.26 g, 2.7 mmol) was conducted according to thegeneral amide coupling procedure using DCC to obtain the product as aclear yellow oil (0.88 g, 85%). EIMS m/z: 387 ([M+H]⁺).

Preparation of Compound 6

Reaction of reduced retinoic acid amide (0.870 g, 2.25 mmol) with8-(3-bromopropyloxy)-psoralen (0.729 g, 2.25 mmol) in anhydrousacetonitrile (3 mL) was conducted as described for the preparation of 1to obtain compound 6 as a pale, yellow solid (1.25 g, 78%). EIMS m/z:629 ([M−Br]⁺).

(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)—N—(Pyridin-4-yl)docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamide

Reaction of docosahexaenoic acid (0.10 g, 0.30 mmol) with4-aminopyridine (0.03 g, 0.30 mmol) was conducted according to thegeneral amide coupling procedure using DCC to obtain the product as ayellow solid (0.11 g, 91%). EIMS m/z: 405 ([M]⁺).

Preparation of Compound 7

Reaction of(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)—N—(pyridin-4-yl)docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamide(0.11 g, 0.28 mmol) with 8-(3-bromopropyloxy)-psoralen (0.09 g, 0.28mmol) in anhydrous acetonitrile (5 mL) was conducted as described forthe preparation of 1 to obtain compound 7 as a yellow/orange solid (0.13g, 64%). EIMS m/z: 647 ([M−Br]⁺).

N-(Pyridin-4-yl)-oleamide

Reaction of oleic acid (1.00 g, 3.54 mmol) with 4-aminopyridine (0.33 g,3.54 mmol) was conducted according to the general amide couplingprocedure using DCC to obtain the product as a colorless liquid (0.91 g,72%). EIMS m/z: 359 ([M]⁺).

Preparation of Compound 8

Reaction of N-(pyridin-4-yl)-oleamide (0.36 g, 1.00 mmol) with8-(3-bromopropyloxy)-psoralen (0.32 g, 1.00 mmol) in anhydrousacetonitrile (3 mL) was conducted as described for the preparation of 1to obtain compound 8 as a grey solid (0.34 g, 50%). EIMS m/z: 601([M−Br]⁺).

(2E,4E,6E,8E)-9-(4-Methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-N-(pyridin-4-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenamide

Reaction of acitretin (0.10 g, 0.31 mmol) with 4-aminopyridine (0.03 g,0.31 mmol) was conducted according to the general amide couplingprocedure using DCC to obtain the product as a yellow solid (0.08 g,61%). EIMS m/z: 403 ([M]⁺), 401 ([M]⁻).

Preparation of Compound 9

Reaction of(2E,4E,6E,8E)-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-N-(pyridin-4-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenamide(0.08 g, 0.19 mmol) with 8-(3-bromopropyloxy)-psoralen (0.06 g, 0.19mmol) in anhydrous acetonitrile (1 mL) was conducted as described forthe preparation of 1 to obtain compound 9 as an orange solid (0.08 g,61%). EIMS m/z: 645 ([M−Br]⁺).

N-(Pyridin-4-yl)-cinnamamide

Reaction of trans-cinnamic acid (0.74 g, 5.00 mmol) with 4-aminopyridine(0.47 g, 5.00 mmol) was conducted according to the general amidecoupling procedure using DCC to obtain the product as a white solid(0.76 g, 68%). EIMS m/z: 225 ([M]⁺), 223 ([M]⁻).

Preparation of Compound 10

Reaction of N-(pyridin-4-yl)-cinnamamide (0.22 g, 1.00 mmol) with8-(3-bromopropyloxy)-psoralen (0.32 g, 1.00 mmol) in anhydrousacetonitrile (5 mL) was conducted as described for the preparation of 1to obtain compound 10 as a white solid (0.43 g, 78%). EIMS m/z: 467([M−Br]⁺).

(E)-3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-N-(pyridine-4-yl)acrylamide

Reaction of 4-methoxycinnamic acid (0.89 g, 5.00 mmol) with4-aminopyridine (0.47 g, 5.00 mmol) was conducted according to thegeneral amide coupling procedure using DCC to obtain the product as awhite solid (0.18 g, 14%). EIMS m/z: 255 ([M]⁺).

Preparation of Compound 11

Reaction of (E)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(pyridin-4-yl)acrylamide (0.18 g,0.70 mmol) with 8-(3-bromopropyloxy)-psoralen (0.23 g, 0.70 mmol) inanhydrous acetonitrile (10 mL) was conducted as described for thepreparation of 1 to obtain compound 11 as a yellow solid (0.10 g, 25%).EIMS m/z: 497 ([M−Br]⁺).

Diethyl 2-oxo-2-(pyridin-4-ylamino)ethylphosphonate

Was synthesized as previously described in Lartillot et al (supra).

(2E,4E)-3-Methyl-5-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)penta-2,4-dienenitrile

synthesized as previously described in Valla, A.; Valla, B.; Le Guillou,R.; Cartier, D.; Dufosse, L.; Labia, R. Helv. Chim. Acta 2007, 90,512-519.

(2E,4E)-3-Methyl-5-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)penta-2,4-dienal

synthesized as previously described in Valla et al (supra).

(2E,4E,6E)-5-Methyl-N-(pyridin-4-yl)-7-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)hepta-2,4,6-trienamide

synthesized as previously described in Lartillot et al (supra).

Preparation of Compound 12

Reaction of(2E,4E,6E)-5-methyl-N-(pyridin-4-yl)-7-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)hepta-2,4,6-trienamide(0.34 g, 1.02 mmol) with 8-(3-bromopropyloxy)-psoralen (0.33 g, 1.02mmol) in anhydrous acetonitrile (10 mL) was conducted as described forthe preparation of 1 to obtain compound 12 as a yellow/orange solid(0.43 g, 64%). EIMS m/z: 579 ([M−Br]⁺).

To a solution of tert-butyl 4-piperidinylcarbamate (800 mg, 4 mmol) inanhydrous acetonitrile (8 mL), was added 1-bromo-3-chloropropane (693mg, 4.4 mmol) and anhydrous K₂CO₃ (690 mg, 5 mmol). The reaction mixturewas heated at 70° C. for 3 h. The contents were then cooled to roomtemperature and added with a solution of 8-hydroxypsoralen (808 mg, 4mmol) in anhydrous DMF (6 mL) followed by solid K₂CO₃ (690 mg, 5 mmol).The reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for 5 h. The contents werethen cooled to room temperature and partitioned between ethyl acetate(20 mL) and water (20 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with ethylacetate (20 mL) and the combined organics were then washed with water(30 mL) and brine (20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solventwas removed in vacuo and the residue obtained was purified on silica gelcolumn chromatography using methanol/CH₂Cl₂ as eluant to afford thedesired product as a dark brown solid (790 mg, 45%).

The aforementioned product (760 mg, 0.58 mmol) was treated with 4M HClin dioxane (3 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirredovernight and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue obtained waswashed with ether twice and dried under vacuum to afford the aminehydrochloride as a light brown solid (708 mg, 100%).

Preparation of Compound 13

Coupling of aforementioned amine hydrochloride (124 mg, 0. 3 mmol) andretinoic acid (100 mg, 0.33 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (2 mL) using standardEDC/HOBt coupling conditions yielded 13 as a pale, yellow solid (187 mg,100%). EIMS m/z: 625 ([M+H]⁺).

2-(1-Adamantyl)-4-bromophenol

synthesized as previously described in Liu, Z.; Xiang, J. Org. ProcessRes. Dev. 2006, 10, 285-288.

2-(1-Adamantyl)-4-bromoanisole

synthesized as previously described in Liu et al (supra).

Methyl 6-(3-(1-adamantyl)-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-naphthoate

synthesized as previously described in Liu et al (supra).

6-(3-(1-Adamantyl)-4-(methoxyphenyl)-2-naphthoic acid

synthesized as previously described in Liu et al (supra).

6-(3-(1-Adamantyl)-4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(pyridin-4-yl)-2-naphthamide

Reaction of 6-(3-(1-adamantyl)-4-(methoxyphenyl)-2-naphthoic acid (0.89g, 2.16 mmol) with 4-aminopyridine (0.20 g, 2.16 mmol) was conductedaccording to the general amide coupling procedure using DCC to obtainthe product as a yellow solid (0.58 g, 54%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.57 (m,2H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.05-7.82 (m, 5H), 7.70-7.53 (m, 4H),7.00 (m, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 2.20-2.08 (m, 8H), 1.83-1.75 (m, 7H).

Preparation of Compound 14

Reaction of6-(3-(1-adamantyl)-4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(pyridin-4-yl)-2-naphthamide (0.49g, 1.00 mmol) with 8-(3-bromopropyloxy)-psoralen (0.32 g, 1.00 mmol) inanhydrous acetonitrile (10 mL) and N-methylpyrrolidone (6 mL) wasconducted as described for the preparation of 1 to obtain compound 14 asa yellow solid (0.45 g, 55%). EIMS m/z: 731 ([M−Br]).

Coupling of 6-aminoisoquinoline (72 mg, 0.5 mmol) and retinoic acid (200mg, 0.67 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (1 mL) using standard EDC/HOBt couplingconditions yielded the desired amide a pale, yellow solid (300 mg, 90%).EIMS m/z: 427 ([M+1]⁺)

Preparation of Compound 15

Reaction of the aforementioned amide (110 mg, 0.26 mmol) with8-(3-bromopropyloxy)-psoralen (84 mg, 0.26 mmol) in anhydrousacetonitrile (3 mL) and DMF (0.5 mL) was conducted as described for thepreparation of 1 to obtain compound 15 as a brick red solid (77 mg,40%). EIMS m/z: 670 ([M−Br]⁺).

A mixture of 4-chloroquinoline (486 mg, 3 mmol), acetamide (2.13 g, 36mmol) and K₂CO₃ (2.9 g, 21 mmol) was thoroughly vortexed on a mixer andsubjected to microwave irradiation at 175° C. for 1 h. The reactionmixture was cooled to room temperature and partitioned between EtOAc andwater. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc and the combinedorganic extracts were washed with water and brine and dried overanhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed in vacuo to yield4-aminoquinoline as a brown solid (260 mg, 60%). EIMS m/z: 145 ([M+1]⁺).

Coupling of 4-aminoquinoline (144 mg, 1 mmol) and retinoic acid (200 mg,0.67 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (2 mL) using standard EDC/HOBt couplingconditions yielded the desired amide a pale, yellow solid (70 mg, 25%).EIMS m/z: 427 ([M+1]⁺).

Preparation of Compound 16

Reaction of the aforementioned amide (70 mg, 0.17 mmol) with8-(3-bromopropyloxy)-psoralen (55 mg, 0.17 mmol) in anhydrousacetonitrile (3 mL) and DMF (0.5 mL) was conducted as described for thepreparation of 1 to obtain compound 16 as a brick red solid (18 mg,14%). EIMS m/z: 670 ([M−Br]⁺).

Cell Culture and Proliferation Assay

BT474, Au565, and SKBR3 breast cancer cell lines were obtained from theAmerican Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va.). Cells were maintainedin RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum from GIBCO(Carlsbad, Calif.) in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂ at 37° C. Theproliferation assay was carried out in 96 well plates in a final volumeof 100 ul/well culture medium with Cell Proliferation Reagent WST-1 fromRoche Diagnostics (Mannheim, Germany), which is based on a colorimetricassay for the quantification of cell proliferation and cell viabilitydepending on the cleavage of the WST-1 by mitochondrial dehydrogenasesin viable cell. For each assay, the cells were pre-treated with psoralenderivatives and psoralen (as a positive control) at the concentrationindicated in the figures for four hours to allow compound uptake by thecells, followed by exposing the cells to UV (2 Joules) in UVStratalinker 1800 from Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif.). After changing themedium to remove non-absorbed compounds, the cells were returned to theincubator for 48 hour continued culture before starting colorimetricreaction by adding 10 ul/well Cell Proliferation Reagent WST-1. When thereaction incubation for two hours at 37° C. in the tissue cultureincubator was completed, the reaction samples were ready to be analyzedin the plate reader (TECAN, Australia) at 480 mm.

The test results are shown in FIGS. 4-17. FIGS. 4-9 show the results ofthe cell proliferation assays for 8-MOP (two samples, 8-MOP-1 and8-MOP-2) and Compounds 1-12.

FIGS. 10-13 show the results of the cell proliferation assays for 8-MOPand Compounds 14-15. FIGS. 14-17 show the results of the cellproliferation assays for 8-MOP and Compound 16. The cells werepretreated with compounds at the concentrations as indicated in thefigures for four hours to allow compound uptake by the cells, followedby exposing the cells to UV in the conditions showed in the figures. Thecells without the exposure to UV were used as a control. After changingthe medium and an additional incubation for 48 hours, colorimetricreaction was initiated by adding WST-1 and the quantification of cellproliferation and cell viability were based on the cleavage of WST-1.The wavelength for measuring the absorbance of the cleavage products was485 nm, which correlates with active cells.

Obviously, additional modifications and variations of the presentinvention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is thereforeto be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, theinvention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically describedherein.

1. A psoralen compound of Formula (I):

wherein (N⁺ Aryl) is a member selected from the group consisting ofnitrogen containing aromatic heterocycles of formulae (i)-(ii):

wherein Z is a group of formula:

wherein R is C₁-C₃₀ hydrocarbyl, which may be linear, branched or cyclicand contains from 1 to 15 carbon-carbon double bonds, which may beconjugated or unconjugated with one another or may include an aryl ring,and may contain one or more substituents; R₁ is aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl,cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkene-aryl,alkene-heteroaryl, alkene-heterocyclyl, alkene-cycloalkyl, fusedcycloalkylaryl, fused cycloalkylheteroaryl, fused heterocyclylaryl,fused heterocyclyheteroaryl, alkylene-fused cycloalkylaryl,alkylene-fused cycloalkylheteroaryl, alkylene-fused heterocyclylaryl,alkylene-fused heterocyclyheteroaryl; n is an integer from 1 to 8 and Xis a pharmaceutically acceptable counter ion.
 2. The psoralen compoundof claim 1, wherein (N⁺ Aryl) is a group of formula (i):


3. The psoralen compound of claim 1, wherein (N⁺ Aryl) is a group offormula (ii):


4. A method for treating a cell proliferation disorder in a subject,comprising: (1) administering to the subject a psoralen compound thateffects a predetermined cellular change when activated, wherein thepsoralen compound is a psoralen compound of Formula (I):

wherein (N⁺ Aryl) is a member selected from the group consisting ofnitrogen containing aromatic heterocycles of formulae (i)-(ii):

wherein Z is a group of formula:

wherein R is C₁-C₃₀ hydrocarbyl, which may be linear, branched or cyclicand contains from 1 to 15 carbon-carbon double bonds, which may beconjugated or unconjugated with one another or may include an aryl ring,and may contain one or more substituents; R₁ is hydrogen, aryl,heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,alkene-aryl, alkene-heteroaryl, alkene-heterocyclyl, alkene-cycloalkyl,fused cycloalkylaryl, fused cycloalkylheteroaryl, fusedheterocyclylaryl, fused heterocyclyheteroaryl, alkylene-fusedcycloalkylaryl, alkylene-fused cycloalkylheteroaryl, alkylene-fusedheterocyclylaryl, alkylene-fused heterocyclyheteroaryl; n is an integerfrom 1 to 8 and X is a pharmaceutically acceptable counter ion. ; and(2) applying an initiation energy from an initiation energy source tothe subject, activating the psoralen compound in situ, thus causing thepredetermined cellular change to occur, wherein occurrence of thepredetermined cellular change causes an increase in rate or decrease inrate of cell proliferation to treat the cell proliferation disorder. 5.The method of claim 4, wherein (N⁺ Aryl) is a group of formula (i):


6. The method of claim 4, wherein (N⁺ Aryl) is a group of formula (ii):


7. A method for treating a cell proliferation disorder in a subject,comprising: (1) administering to the subject one or more energymodulation agents and a psoralen compound of claim 1, that effects apredetermined cellular change when activated; and (2) applying aninitiation energy from an initiation energy source to the subject,wherein the one or more energy modulation agents convert the initiationenergy applied to UV-A or visible energy, which then activates thepsoralen compound in situ, thus causing the predetermined cellularchange to occur, wherein occurrence of the predetermined cellular changecauses an increase in rate or decrease in rate of cell proliferation totreat the cell proliferation disorder.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein(N⁺ Aryl) is a group of formula (i):


9. The method of claim 7, wherein (N⁺ Aryl) is a group of formula (ii):


10. A system for treatment of a cell proliferation disorder, comprising:(1) an initiation energy source; and (2) one or more psoralen compoundsof Formula (I):

wherein (N⁺ Aryl) is a member selected from the group consisting ofnitrogen containing aromatic heterocycles of formulae (i)-(ii):

wherein Z is a group of formula:

wherein R is C₁-C₃₀ hydrocarbyl, which may be linear, branched or cyclicand contains from 1 to 15 carbon-carbon double bonds, which may beconjugated or unconjugated with one another or may include an aryl ring,and may contain one or more substituents; R₁ is hydrogen, aryl,heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,alkene-aryl, alkene-heteroaryl, alkene-heterocyclyl, alkene-cycloalkyl,fused cycloalkylaryl, fused cycloalkylheteroaryl, fusedheterocyclylaryl, fused heterocyclyheteroaryl, alkylene-fusedcycloalkylaryl, alkylene-fused cycloalkylheteroaryl, alkylene-fusedheterocyclylaryl, alkylene-fused heterocyclyheteroaryl; n is an integerfrom 1 to 8 and X is a pharmaceutically acceptable counter ion.
 11. Thesystem of claim 10, wherein (N⁺ Aryl) is a group of formula (i):


12. The system of claim 10, wherein (N⁺ Aryl) is a group of formula(ii):


13. The system of claim 10, further comprising (3) one or more energymodulation agents.
 14. The system of claim 10, further comprising (4)one or more plasmonics active agents.
 15. The system of claim 13,further comprising (4) one or more plasmonics active agents.
 16. Apharmaceutical composition comprising: one or more psoralen compounds ofclaim 1; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 17. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 16, wherein (N⁺ Aryl) is a group offormula (i):


18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 16, wherein (N⁺ Aryl) is agroup of formula (ii):


19. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 16, further comprising oneor more energy modulation agents.
 20. The pharmaceutical composition ofclaim 16, further comprising one or more plasmonics-active agents. 21.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 19, further comprising one ormore plasmonics-active agents.
 22. A method for producing an autovaccinein a subject, comprising: (1) providing a population of target cellsfrom the subject; (2) treating the target cells ex vivo with a psoralencompound of Formula (I):

wherein (N⁺ Aryl) is a member selected from the group consisting ofnitrogen containing aromatic heterocycles of formulae (i)-(ii):

wherein Z is a group of formula:

wherein R is C₁-C₃₀ hydrocarbyl, which may be linear, branched or cyclicand contains from 1 to 15 carbon-carbon double bonds, which may beconjugated or unconjugated with one another or may include an aryl ring,and may contain one or more substituents; R₁ is hydrogen, aryl,heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,alkene-aryl, alkene-heteroaryl, alkene-heterocyclyl, alkene-cycloalkyl,fused cycloalkylaryl, fused cycloalkylheteroaryl, fusedheterocyclylaryl, fused heterocyclyheteroaryl, alkylene-fusedcycloalkylaryl, alkylene-fused cycloalkylheteroaryl, alkylene-fusedheterocyclylaryl, alkylene-fused heterocyclyheteroaryl; n is an integerfrom 1 to 8 and X is a pharmaceutically acceptable counter ion; (3)activating the psoralen compound with a UV-A source to induce apoptosisin the target cells; and (4) returning the apoptic cells back to thesubject to induce an autovaccine effect against the target cells,wherein the apoptic cells cause an autovaccine effect.
 23. The method ofclaim 22, wherein (N⁺ Aryl) is a group of formula (i):


24. The method of claim 22, wherein (N⁺ Aryl) is a group of formula(ii):


25. A method for treatment of skin cancer in a subject in need thereof,comprising: administering a psoralen compound to the subject in a mannersufficient to provide the psoralen compound in the subject's bloodstreamsuch that the psoralen compound is delivered to a vicinity of a skinlesion from the skin cancer, wherein the psoralen compound is a psoralencompound of Formula (I):

wherein (N⁺ Aryl) is a member selected from the group consisting ofnitrogen containing aromatic heterocycles of formulae (i)-(ii):

wherein Z is a group of formula:

wherein R is C₁-C₃₀ hydrocarbyl, which may be linear, branched or cyclicand contains from 1 to 15 carbon-carbon double bonds, which may beconjugated or unconjugated with one another or may include an aryl ring,and may contain one or more substituents; R₁ is hydrogen, aryl,heteroaryl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,alkene-aryl, alkene-heteroaryl, alkene-heterocyclyl, alkene-cycloalkyl,fused cycloalkylaryl, fused cycloalkylheteroaryl, fusedheterocyclylaryl, fused heterocyclyheteroaryl, alkylene-fusedcycloalkylaryl, alkylene-fused cycloalkylheteroaryl, alkylene-fusedheterocyclylaryl, alkylene-fused heterocyclyheteroaryl; n is an integerfrom 1 to 8 and X is a pharmaceutically acceptable counter ion; andirradiating the subject's skin in a region containing the skin lesionwith an irradiation source having limited penetration ability and awavelength sufficient to activate the psoralen compound.
 26. The methodof claim 25, wherein the irradiation source wavelength is a UVwavelength.
 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the irradiation sourcewavelength is an IR wavelength and the activation of the psoralencompound takes place by a multiphoton absorption.
 28. The method ofclaim 25, wherein (N⁺ Aryl) is a group of formula (i):


29. The method of claim 25, wherein (N⁺ Aryl) is a group of formula(ii):


30. The method of claim 4, wherein the cell proliferation disorder iscancer.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the cancer is breast cancer.32. The method of claim 7, wherein the cell proliferation disorder iscancer.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the cancer is breast cancer.